Risk factors for osteoporosis are divided into two categories: modifiable and non-modifiable. Another way to diagnose osteoporosis is the speed of sound (SOS) in the tibia, which can be measured by ultrasound imaging. Typically, to diagnose osteoporosis, bone mineral density (BMD) is measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at various skeletal sites. Various methods are used to measure osteoporosis. Besides, chronic use of glucocorticoids, lifestyle conditions, habits, and major depression are other causes of osteoporosis. Systemic diseases, endocrine diseases, and malignant neoplasms are among the diseases that cause secondary osteoporosis. Secondary osteoporosis is caused by diseases, treatments or idiopathic. Primary osteoporosis is seen in post-menopausal women and men and women over 70 years of age due to ageing. Osteoporosis is classified as primary (includes type I and type II) and secondary. The most widely validated technique to measure BMD is dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and diagnostic criteria based on the T-score for BMD area recommended entry criterion for developing pharmaceutical interventions in osteoporosis (7–9). According to the WHO criteria, osteoporosis is defined as a BMD that lies 2.5 standard deviations or more below the average value for young, healthy women (a T-score of < − 2.5 SD) (1, 6). Osteoporosis has been operationally defined based on bone mineral density (BMD) assessment. Osteoporosis is a common disease all over the world. This study is the first to report a structured review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of osteoporosis worldwide. ConclusionĪccording to the medical, economic, and social burden of osteoporosis, providing a robust and comprehensive estimate of the prevalence of osteoporosis in the world can facilitate decisions in health system planning and policymaking, including an overview of the current and outlook for the future provide the necessary facilities for the treatment of people with osteoporosis reduce the severe risks that lead to death by preventing fractures and, finally, monitor the overall state of osteoporosis in the world. The highest prevalence of osteoporosis was reported in Africa with 39.5% (95% CI 22.3–59.7) and a sample size of 2989 people with the age range 18–95 years. Based on 70 studies and sample size of 800,457 women, and heterogenicity I 2: 99.8, the prevalence of osteoporosis in women of the world was reported to be 23.1 (95% CI 19.8–26.9), while the prevalence of osteoporosis among men of the world was found to be 11.7 (95% CI 9.6–14.1 which was based on 40 studies and sample size of 453,964 men.). Using meta-analysis, the prevalence of osteoporosis in the world was reported to be 18.3 (95% CI 16.2–20.7). The sample size of the study was 103,334,579 people in the age range of 15–105 years. The heterogeneity of the studies was measured using the I 2 test, and the publication bias was assessed by the Begg and Mazumdar’s test at the significance level of 0.1.Īfter following the systematic review processes, 86 studies were selected for meta-analysis. The PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus, Magiran, and Google Scholar databases were searched with no lower time limit up till 26 August 2020. MethodsĪ systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with the PRISMA criteria. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of osteoporosis worldwide. Providing a comprehensive picture of the prevalence of osteoporosis globally is important for health policymakers to make appropriate decisions. For example, it involves the patient and his/her family members, and government agencies in terms of the cost of treatment and medical care. Osteoporosis affects all sections of society, including families with people affected by osteoporosis, government agencies and medical institutes in various fields.
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